Unit 8

8 unit

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Conjunction and

Coordinating conjunctions connect words, phrases, and clauses. Look at the examples that follow:

The bowl of squid eyeball stew is hot and delicious.

A coordinating conjunction can join two main clauses that a writer wants to emphasize equally. The pattern for coordination looks like this:

main Clause + , + coordinating conjunction + main Clause.

Subordination, however, emphasizes the idea in the main clause more than the one in the subordinate clause. Generally, the patterns look like these:

main clause + Ø + subordinate clause.

subordinate Clause + , + main Clause.

Read the pairs of sentences that follow. The first version coordinates the two ideas. The second version subordinates one idea to emphasize the other.

To survive the fetal pig dissection, Rinalda agreed to make all of the incisions, and Frances promised to remove and label the organs.

Pattern 1 — Connecting two main clauses

When you connect two main clauses with a coordinating conjunction, use a comma. The pattern looks like this:

main clause + , + coordinating conjunction + main clause.

Here is an example:

While I am at work, my dog Floyd sleeps on the bed , and my cat Buster naps in the bathtub.

Pattern 2 — Connecting two items

You can also use a coordinating conjunction to connect any two items. These items can be any grammatical unit except main clauses. The pattern looks like this:

item + Ø + coordinating conjunction + item

Here are some examples:

My dog Floyd has too many fleas and too much hair.

Pattern 3 — Connecting three or more items in a series

When you have three or more items in a series, you generally use a comma before the coordinating conjunction. Some handbooks and style guides will tell you that this comma is optional, but my advice is to put it in. The pattern looks like this:

item + , + item + , + coordinating conjunction + item

Here is an example:

Swatting olives off the kitchen counter, dragging toilet paper streamers through the house, and terrorizing Jacques Cousteau, the parakeet, has consumed another of Buster's days.

Yes, you can begin a sentence with a coordinating conjunction!

Some teachers warn that beginning a sentence with a coordinating conjunction is wrong. Teachers will typically tell you this because they are trying to help you avoid writing fragments. Other times teachers give this advice because their preference is that a sentence not begin with a coordinating conjunction.

What you should remember is that you break no grammar rule if you begin a sentence with a coordinating conjunction. Because you might be breaking your instructors' rules, however, you should ask what their preferences are.

If you decide to begin a sentence with a coordinating conjunction, keep these three things in mind:

• Be sure that a main clause follows the coordinating conjunction.
• Do not use a coordinating conjunction to begin every sentence. Use this option only when it makes the flow of your ideas more effective.
• Do not use a comma after the coordinating conjunction. Coordinating conjunctions are not transitional expressions like for example or first of all. You will rarely use punctuation after them.

Chamd uneheer heregtei. If want learn english

COMMON PHRASAL VERBS II

B. Inseparable Verbs

You cannot insert a noun or pronoun after the first word:

For example: “look for”

John looked for Mary. = OK

John looked Mary for. = Not OK

John looked for her. = OK

John looked her for. = Not OK

*break down (to stop working)

call on (to visit)

*catch up (to overtake)

catch up to (to overtake)

catch up with (to overtake)

check back with (to report to)

*check in (at a motel)

check in with (to notify)

check into (a motel)

check out of (a motel)

come across (to discover)

*come back (to return)

*come over (to visit)

*come through (to succeed)

*come to (to regain consciousness)

cut down on (to reduce use of)

cut in (to insert yourself into a line of people)

do without (to have none of)

*drop back (to move back)

drop by (to visit)

*drop in (to visit)

drop in on (to visit)

*drop out (to quit)

drop out of (school; sight)

*drop over (to visit)

fool around with (to

get along with (your coworkers)

*get back (move away from)

get in (the car)

get into (trouble; the car)

get off (the bus)

get off of (the bus)

get on (the bus)

get out of (the bus)

get over (the problem; the fence)

*get through (to finish)

get through with (to finish)

*get up (to wake up; to get out of bed)

*go back (to return)

*go on (to continue)

go over (to review)

*grow up (to mature)

*hang on (or you might fall off)

*hush up (to be quiet)

*keep on (to continue)

keep up with (to maintain progress with)

*let up (to ease off)

*lie down (to recline)

*listen up (to listen)

look after (to take care of)

look for (to search)

look into (to analyze)

*look out (the window)

*move away (to distance oneself)

move away from (to distance oneself)

*move back (to retreat)

move back to (to return)

move into (your new home)

*move out (to relocate)

move out of (your former apartment and move into your new apartment)

*pass away (to die)

*pass on (to die)

put up (or shut up)

put up with (to tolerate)

run across (to meet)

run into (to meet)

run out (the clock)

run out of (time; money)

*sit down (to sit)

*show up (to appear)

*stand up (to stand)

*stand out (to excel)

*stand up (to stand)

stay out of (trouble; jail)

take after (to mimic)

*take off (to depart)

talk about (to discuss)

*tear out of (to leave quickly)

think about (to consider; to ruminate; to cogitate)

*throw up (to vomit)

*turn in (to go to bed)

*turn out (to appear)

*turn up (to appear)

wait on (to serve)

*warm down (after exercising)

*warm up (before exercising)

watch out for (snakes)

*work out (to exercise)

work with (to help)

Chamd uneheer heregtei. If want learn english

COMMON PHRASAL VERBS I

A. Separable Verbs

You can insert a noun or pronoun after the first word:

For example: “call back”

Noun: Call back John. = OK

Noun: Call John back. = OK

Pronoun: Call him back. = OK

ask in (to invite inside)

ask out (to invite on a date)

back away (to move away)

back down (to move back)

back off (to move back)

break down (to separate into basic parts)

break off (to snap; to cancel)

break in (a baseball glove)

break up (to separate)

bring about (a change)

bring back (the good old days)

bring down (the house)

bring up (the kids)

call back (to return a phone call)

call off (to cancel)

call up (to phone)

check off (to notate)

check out (to investigate)

cheer up (to make happy)

clean off (the countertop)

clean out (the closet)

clean up (the mess)

cross off (to delete)

cross out (to delete)

cross up (to deceive; to trick)

cut back (to diminish)

cut down (to diminish)

cut off (to remove)

cut out (to quit; to excise)

do in (to ruin; to exhaust)

do over (to repeat)

figure out (to solve)

fill in (the blank spaces)

fill out (the application form)

fill up (the tank with gasoline)

finish off (to complete)

get out (the tools)

give back (to return)

give up (to turn over; to surrender)

hand in (your homework)

hand out (the tests to the students)

hand over (all your money)

hang up (your jacket)

keep out (to prevent entry)

keep out of (trouble)

keep up (the good work)

kick out (to remove)

kick out of (to remove)

kill off (all the cockroaches)

leave out (to omit)

let in (to allow entry)

look over (to examine)

look up (a word in the dictionary)

make out (to discern)

make up (to fabricate)

name after (to give the same name to)

name for (to give the same name to)

pass by (to go past without stopping)

pass out (to distribute)

pass over (to hand over)

pay back (the money you borrowed)

pick out (to select)

pick up (the litter; the check)

point out (to show)

point out to (to show)

polish off (to finish)

put away (to remove)

put back (to replace)

put off (to delay)

put on (your shoes)

put out (the dog)

put up (the money)

quiet down (to be quiet)

rip off (to steal; to cheat)

run out (the base hit)

shut down (the assembly line)

shut off (the machine)

shut out (the other team)

shut up (to be quiet)

slow down (to reduce speed)

slow up (to reduce speed)

speed up (to increase speed)

stand up (to intentionally miss an appointment or date with someone)

start up (to start)

take down (to dismantle)

take off (your shoes)

take on (to confront)

take out (the trash)

take over (the organization)

take up (golf)

talk over (to discuss)

tear down (to dismantle)

tear off (a corner of the newspaper)

tear out (a page from your notebook)

tear up (the contract)

throw away (your old socks)

throw out (yesterday’s newspaper)

throw up (the ball)

try on (these shoes - maybe you’ll like them)

try out (this golf club - maybe you’ll like it)

turn down (the offer)

turn in (your homework)

turn off (the lights)

turn on (the lights)

turn out (the lights)

turn up (the volume)

use up (to use completely)

wake up (to awake)

warm up (the car engine)

wear out (to exhaust)

wipe off (the countertop)

wipe out (to annihilate)

write down (this information)

write off (to cancel)

write up (to report someone)

Chamd hereg bolj magadgui.

PARTS OF SPEECH

1. NOUN

A noun is the name of a person, place, thing, idea, or quality.

Examples: John, Mary, boy, girl, children; Pasadena, CEC; classrooms, notebooks; freedom, intelligence; hope, anger, joy

2. PRONOUN

A pronoun is usually a substitute for a noun. The noun is called the "antecedent" (but an indefinite pronoun has no antecedent).

Examples:

a. Personal pronouns: I, mine, me; you, yours; he, his, him; she, hers, her; it, its; we, ours, us; they, theirs, them.

b. Interrogative pronouns: who, whose, whom, which, what

c. Relative pronouns (include): who, who, whose, which, that; whoever, whomever, whichever

d. Demonstrative pronouns: this, that, these, those

e. Indefinite pronouns (include): all, another, any, anybody, anyone, anything, both, each, either, everybody, everyone, everything, many, neither, nobody, no one, none, one, others, some, somebody, someone, such

f. Intensive or reflexive pronouns: myself, yourself, himself, herself, itself, ourselves, themselves

3. VERB

A verb expresses an action or a condition (a state of being).

Examples: Robert will eat the hamburger. (action) Sara is happy. (condition or state of being)

Robert won’t eat the hamburger. Sara isn’t happy.

Will Robert eat the hamburger? Is Sara happy?

4. ADVERB

An adverb describes a verb, adjective, or other adverb. Adverbs usually tell how (for example: slowly), when (e.g., lately), where (e.g., there), how much (e.g., very), or why (e.g., therefore).

Example: He always chews his gum loudly.

5. ADJECTIVE

An adjective describes or limits a noun.

Examples: tall, young, pretty, light, blue, new, white (The tall, young, pretty girl is wearing a light blue dress with her new white shoes.) (NOT: ...a light dress blue with her new shoes white.)

Adjectives and adverbs have three degrees of comparison: positive, comparative, superlative. Examples:

Mary has a smart child. Sara has a smarter child. Nancy has the smartest child.

Robert is an intelligent student. William is more intelligent than Robert. Kim is the most intelligent student.

The red car is expensive. The white car is less expensive. The blue car is the least expensive.

I’m a good painter. She’s a better painter. He’s the best painter.

I’m a bad singer. She’s a worse singer. He’s the worst singer.

6. PREPOSITION

A preposition usually shows the relationship between a noun or pronoun and another part of a sentence.

There are many prepositions, including: about, above, across, after, against, along, among, around, as, at, before, behind, below, beneath, between, beyond, beside, besides, by, down, during, except, from, for, in, inside, into, like, near, next, of, off, on, out, out of, outside, over, past, round, since, than, through, till, to, toward, towards, under, underneath, unless, until, upon, up, with, within, without.

Examples: My pencil is under my desk by my foot. Martha drove from LA to NY.

7. CONJUNCTION

A conjunction connects words, phrases, and clauses.

Coordinate conjunctions connect words, phrases, and clauses of equal value: and, or, nor, but (and sometimes for). e.g., The dog and the cat are hungry.

Correlative conjunctions occur in pairs: both-and, either-or, neither-nor, not only-but also. e.g., Both the fish and the snake are thirsty.

Subordinate conjunctions connect unequal clauses (dependent clauses with independent clauses). They include: after, although, as, because, before, if, since, than, though, unless, until, when, where, while. e.g., After they ate, they had dessert.

8. INTERJECTION

An interjection is a word that expresses feeling or emotion; usually it is followed by an exclamation mark.

Examples: Oh! Ah! Wow! Darn! Gosh! Golly! Gee! Ow! Ouch! Yikes! Holy moly! Yippee! Hooray! Boo! Whew!

For own classmates

TRANSITIONAL PHRASES

Transitional words and phrases keep the reader “on track.” They kep the reader understand the relationship between one idea or statement and subsequent ones.

1. Adding ideas: besides for example (e.g.) for instance furthermore in addition in fact indeed likewise moreover once more similarly that is (i.e.) then, too 2. As expected: as a matter of fact for that matter it follows that naturally obviously of course surely to be sure 3. Cause and effect: accordingly and so and that’s why as a consequence as a result as might be expected consequently for this reason hence since then therefore thus 4. Contrast: at the same time conversely despite however in spite of nevertheless nonetheless notwithstanding not at all on the contrary on the other hand still unlike yet 5. Concession: although but of course certainly doubtless granted that of course though to be sure to doubt that whereas

6. Degrees of certainty: anyhow anyway certainly doubtless in all likelihood in all probability in any case indeed perhaps possibly probably surely 7. Qualification: especially frequently if in case in general in particular inasmuch lest occasionally particularly provided that specifically unless 8. Repetition: as noted as noted earlier as we have seen besides in any case in fact in other words indeed to put it another way to repeat 9. Summary: all in all finally in a word in brief in conclusion in short in summary in summation on the whole therefore to conclude to make a long story short to sum it up to summarize

For you

ADVERBS

1. Adverbs tell how (“eagerly”), when (“lately,” “often”), where (“there,” “outside”), how much (“very,” “too”), and why (“therefore”).

2. Adverbs usually modify verbs, other adverbs, or adjectives.

Bob drives carefully . (“Carefully” modifies the verb “drives.”)

Bob drives very carefully. (“Very” modifies the adverb “carefully.”)

Bob is quite tall. (“Quite” modifies the adjective “tall.”)

3. Adverbs are often “adjective + -ly”:

patient--patiently

careless--carelessly

expensive--expensively

probable--probably

certain--certainly

happy--happily

honest--honestly

personal--personally

real--really

direct--directly

fair-fairly

serious--seriously

4. But not all adverbs end in –ly:

again, ago, all, almost, also, always, any, anyhow, anymore, anyplace, anytime, anyway, anywhere, better, best, enough, far, farther, fast, further, furthest, here, how, inside, just, later, maybe, more, most, much, never, next, now, often, once, outside, quite, rather, slow (also slowly), so, some, somehow, sometime, sometimes, somewhat, still, straight, there, therefore, too, very, well, what, whatever, when, whence, whenever, where, whereby, wherein, wherever, yet.

5. Not all words that end in -ly are automatically adverbs;

“friendly,” “likely,” “lonely,” and “lovely” are adjectives.

“Early” can be an adjective OR an adverb.

6. “Fast,” “slow,” “quick,” “early,” and “straight” are examples of other words that can be adjectives AND adverbs, BUT have the same meaning:

Sara walks fast. (adverb) = Sara is a fast walker. (adjective).

The early bus (adjective) = the bus that arrives early (adverb).

7. Most adverbs, like adjectives, can be compared using “more” and “most”: sharply--more sharply--most sharply. One- syllable adverbs are compared using “-er” and “-est”: straight--straighter--straightest.

Some adverbs are irregular:

well--better--best,

badly (ill)--worse--worst,

much--more--most,

little--less--least,

far--farther (further)--farthest (furthest).